![]() In this work, we only investigate the neural network component of AlphaZero, so we use the prior p directly rather than the move distribution following MCTS. The output p is typically referred to as AlphaZero’s “prior,” as it is a distribution over moves that is updated by the MCTS procedure. The outputs p and v are computed by the “policy head” and the “value head” in the AlphaZero network in Fig. ![]() A “state” consists of a current chess board position and a history of preceding positions along with ancillary information, such as castling rights, and it is represented as a real-valued vector z 0. Its Monte Carlo tree search (MCTS) component uses the neural network to repeatedly evaluate states and update its action selection rule. Summary of Results Many Human Concepts Can Be Found in the AlphaZero Network.Ĭomputes a probability distribution p for a next move and the expected outcome v of the game from a state z 0. We have made a curated set of key positions with both human and AlphaZero play data available online. ![]() We leverage the existence of a broad range of human chess concepts in conventional chess engines, such as Stockfish, to annotate positions with concept data. Thanks to databases, such as ChessBase, data on human games are plentiful, so we can compare the evolution of AlphaZero’s play during training to the evolution of move choices in top-level human chess. * With his unique perspective, we analyze qualitative aspects of AlphaZero, especially with regard to opening play. We address this issue by using behavioral analyses from a former world chess champion, V.K. Meanwhile, behavioral analysis of AlphaZero presents an obvious difficulty since its game play is so far beyond a typical player. Quantitatively, we apply linear probes to assess whether the network is representing concepts familiar to chess players. If you buy content or subscriptions on chess24 we work with the payment service provider Adyen, which collects your payment data and processes information about the payment such as fraud protection data.We take a quantitative and qualitative approach to interpreting AlphaZero. ![]() For newsletters we transfer your email address and username to the external service MailChimp. You can unsubscribe from newsletters and as a registered user you can apply several mail settings to control how your email address is used. If you subscribe to a newsletter or are registered we would like to send you occasional updates via email. This data is processed in the external service Zendesk. If you decide to contact the support team a ticket is created with information that includes your name and email address so that we can respond to your concern. A free registration is not required to use this application. You can find this information in your personal profile. Your personal decision on which data storage to enable is also stored as necessary information (consent).įor registered users we store additional information such as profile data, chess games played, your chess analysis sessions, forum posts, chat and messages, your friends and blocked users, and items and subscriptions you have purchased. You can also enable more data fields, as described in the other sections. These have no direct relationship to your person except for the IP address currently being used and your Google Analytics identifiers. Google stores your device identifiers and we send tracking events (such as page requests) to Google Analytics. We measure how our page is used with Google Analytics so that we can decide which features to implement next and how to optimize our user experience. We use your local storage to save the difference between your local clock and our server time (serverUserTimeOffset), so that we are able to display the date and time of events correctly for you. ![]() For example, a new chess game will not be opened in all your current tabs. Additionally, a technical field is stored (singletab) to ensure that some interactions are only processed in the browser tab that is currently active. The only exception is that we monitor some requests with the IP address that you are currently using, so that we are able to detect malicious use or system defects. All of these fields are alpha-numeric, with almost no relation to your real identity. A security identifier (csrf) is also stored to prevent a particular type of online attack. It contains a session ID - a unique, anonymous user ID combined with an authentication identifier (user_data). A so-called cookie stores identifiers that make it possible to respond to your individual requests. Some data is technically necessary to be able to visit the page at all. ![]()
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